Fig. 4: Electrochemical performance of reactive capture using diluted CO₂ stream with PTV catalysts.

a The C₂₊ product FE for the electrochemical conversion of the captured liquids at current densities from 200 to 400 mA cm⁻² using bare Cu and PTV-Cu electrodes. The captured liquids were prepared by purging different CO₂ streams (100 % and 1 %) in 1 M KOH for 2 h. b The C₂₊ product FE for the electrochemical conversion of mixture liquids at the current densities of 300 mA cm⁻² using bare Cu and PTV-Cu electrodes. The mixtures were prepared by adding different concentrations of KOH in 1 M K₂CO₃ electrolyte. c Schematic illustration of the designed Nafion/PDA-PMMA buffer layer on the electrode promoting in-situ CO₂ generation. d The schematic illustration of an integrated system continuously capturing and converting CO₂ from diluted stream (1 %) to C₂₊ products. e The Faradaic efficiencies of C₂₊/C₂H₄, and full cell voltage for the long-term operation of the integrated system with the designed catalyst and buffer layer. The red arrow indicates the replacement of catholyte during the stability test. The electrolyte used is 1 M K₂CO₃. The potential is not iR corrected.