Fig. 1: Variations in the total abundance, diversity, and composition of vegetable viromes and bacterial microbiomes by vegetable type.

The number of viral genomes per gram of leaf among the vegetable types (a), farming methods (b), sampling periods (c), and vendors (d). The number of bacterial genomes per gram of leaf among the vegetable types (e), farming methods (f), sampling periods (g), and vendors (h). The number of observed vOTUs (left panel) and Shannon index (right panel) among the vegetable types (i) and sampling periods (j). k The best-fit model of viromes based on vegetable type (left panel) and sampling period (right panel) from distance-based redundancy analysis with Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. The number of observed ASVs (left panel) and Shannon index (right panel) among the vegetable types (l) and sampling periods (m). n The best-fit model of bacterial microbiomes based on vegetable type (left panel) and sampling period (right panel) from distance-based redundancy analysis with Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. Br broccoli, Pe perilla, Sp spinach, Gr green lettuce, Re red lettuce, Ro romaine lettuce, Conv conventional, Org organic, Pf pesticide-free. All data are presented as mean ± S.D. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. Symbol: *P-value < 0.05; and **P-value < 0.01. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.