Fig. 1: Variations of annual mean surface temperature, matching rates between simulations and observations, and sea ice depth in the Southern Hemisphere under 580–560 Ma continental configurations and various pCO2.

a Simulated annual mean surface temperature for pCO2 = 35 ppmv; (b) glacial matching rates between simulations and observations, in which the blue and orange dots represent the scenarios shown in Figure S1f–j and Figure S1k–o, respectively; (c) sea ice thickness in the Southern Hemisphere. Black values in panels are the pCO2 (ppmv) for the dots nearby.