Fig. 5: Investigation of temperature-responsive crystallization of QSSEs.

a–c DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) curves of P(DOA), P(AEEO), P(AAEO) based QSSEs before and after −50 °C isothermal holding. d–f WAXS (wide-angle X-ray scattering) curves of P(DOA), P(AEEO), P(AAEO) based QSSEs at different temperatures of −50 °C, −25 °C, or 25 °C. g–i XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns of P(DOA), P(AEEO), P(AAEO) based QSSEs at different temperatures of −50 °C, −25 °C or 25 °C. j–l The Li+-conductivity of P(DOA), P(AEEO), P(AAEO) based QSSEs holding at −50 °C for different times. m Diagram of low-temperature crystallization of QSSEs and corresponding Li+-migration modes.