Fig. 6: Behavioral restoration with transplanted tissues formed with acoustofluidic bioassembly.

a Schematic of open field analysis. b Representative plots of the moving trajectories of the mice at 6 weeks in the open field tests. c–d Relative distance (c) and relative mobile time (d) of the mice at pre-operation (Pre-op), 2, 4, and 6 weeks (n = 4). e Schematic of rotarod assay. f Latency to fall at acceleration (acc.) from 4 to 40 rpm of the mice at 2, 4, and 6 weeks normalized to values at Pre-op obtained from the rotarod assay (n = 4). g Schematic illustration of quantification of sway and stride in the gait analysis for the hindlimbs. h–i Measurements of injured hindlimb stride length (h) and sway length (i) at Pre-op, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-implantation with 3D fabricated neuromuscular tissues (n = 9 biologically independent samples for Normal and n = 10 biologically independent samples for all other groups at Pre-op and 4 weeks; n = 5 biologically independent samples at 8 and 12 weeks). a.u., arbitrary units. All data are presented as mean ± S.D. Statistical differences were determined with a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 versus NT, $P < 0.05 versus gel, and *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus Normal. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.