Fig. 7: In situ acoustofluidic bioassembly.

a–e In situ applications of acoustofluidic bioassembly for muscle regeneration. (a) Schematic of the in situ acoustofluidic bioassembly for tissue fabrication on live skeletal muscle tissue with volumetric muscle loss. b–d Photographs of volumetric muscle loss induced by dissecting a portion of muscle tissue of the quadriceps femoris with forceps and surgical blades (b), portable acoustofluidic device loaded on the target site and injection of the cell-hydrogel solution to the target location (c), and muscle tissue fabricated on the defect site of the mouse hindlimb (d). e Fluorescent images of the cells (red) arranged into three-dimensional and parallel cylinders in the tissue fabricated on live muscle. Scale bar represents 200 μm. f, g In situ application of acoustofluidic bioassembly for regeneration of disconnected spinal cord. f Schematic of the in situ acoustofluidic bioassembly for tissue fabrication between the disconnected spinal cord. g Immunostaining images of F-actin (red)/TUJ1 (green)/DAPI (blue) of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells (hiPSC-NPCs) in the tissues fabricated with (w/) and without (w/o) acoustofluidic bioassembly on day 5. The tissues were fabricated between the disconnected ex vivo spinal cords. White dotted lines represent the boundaries of the spinal cord tissues. Scale bars represent 100 μm. h Photograph and schematic of the benchtop array of devices placed near the patient and a handheld device placed on the patient inside the clean bench.