Fig. 6: The transcriptional activation of sHSP genes is dependent on cpROS signaling.

a Heatmap illustrating the differentially expressed sHSP genes at the transcriptional or translational level that belong to the GO terms “response to oxidative stress” or “response to hydrogen peroxide”. The ROS-scavenging enzymes in different subcellular compartments are also shown. b RT‒qPCR analyses demonstrating that the transcriptional upregulation of sHSP genes (17.4, 17.6A, 17.6C, 21, 23.5, 23.6) in ClpD-GFP line #5 is suppressed by the ROS scavenging reagent GSH. HSP18.5 and the transcripts encoding two large HSPs (HSP90C and mtHSC70-1) were used as negative controls. c Representative images showing ROS burst in the chloroplasts of the inducible ClpD overexpressing line C-i-ClpD-10 at 12 h of induction. Newly emerged true leaves from 6-d-old seedlings were stained with the H2DCFDA fluorescent dye for ROS visualization. Scale bar, 20 μm. d RT‒qPCR analyses showing the transcriptional upregulation of HSP17.4, HSP17.6A, and HSP17.6C from the samples in (c) (C-i-ClpD-10) and an additional line (C-i-ClpD−2). In (b, d), data are mean ± s.d. (n = 3 biological replicates). Two-tailed Student’s t-tests were performed to determine the significance of differences. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.