Fig. 5: Jetting behavior of liquid Hg in the liquid cell.

a Time-dependent TEM images showing the ink-jetting phenomenon upon e-beam excitation of the HgS NC. Six times of ink-jetting was observed, revealing the cycling of the beginning-spread-finish processes. The dotted white rectangles and yellow circles indicate the locations of the voids and ink-jetting, respectively. Scale bars, 20 nm. b The beginning and finish times for each ink-jetting event. The inset shows the total time of each ink-jetting process. c The jetting speed of the liquid Hg as a function of the dose rate. d The relationship between the Hg/S ratio in different areas and the dose rate. The variation of the Hg/S ratio was not obvious, compared to that in the gas cell. Error bars in (c, d) represent the deviations of the mean (n = 3). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.