Fig. 2: Development of ciPE for efficient inverse prime editing in human cells.

a Schematic diagram of circular RNA-mediated inverse prime editors (ciPEs). b Schematic diagrams of the structure of ciPE editors. CMV, the CMV promoter of cytomegalovirus; U6, the polymerase III promoter of U6; NLS, bipartite nuclear localization signal; M-MLV RTΔRNase H, deletion variant of M-MLV RT with no RNase H domain; 5′ RL, 5′ ribozyme and ligation sequences; 3′ RL, 3′ ribozyme and ligation sequences; RTT, reverse transcriptase template; PBS, primer binding site. c Comparison of inverse prime editing frequencies between split iPE2 and ciPE2 at four target sites in HEK293T cells. Frequencies (mean ± s.e.m.) in c were obtained from three biological replicates (n = 3). d Comparison of inverse prime editing efficiencies between ciPE2–5 and split iPEmax2–5 using epegRNA at six target sites in HEK293T cells. Frequencies (mean ± s.e.m.) in d were obtained from four biological replicates (n = 4). circRNA, circular RNA; Ins, insertion; Del, deletion. InDels, byproducts of random insertions and deletions. P values were obtained from two-tailed Student’s t-test: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.