Fig. 4: Characterization of artificial mitochondrial targeting sequences (AMTSs) in four eukaryotic organisms.

a Summary of AMTS functionality in HEK293 cell line, R. toruloides, N. benthamiana, and S. cerevisiae. b Fluorescence microscopy analysis of AMTS-EGFP constructs in the HEK293 cell line. All eight sequences target mitochondria in vivo, confirmed through overlap with MitoTrackerTM Orange CMTMRos. Each experiment was repeated three times independently with similar results. c Levenshtein distance of artificial peptides to MTSs reported in UniProt, illustrating the diversity of characterized sequences. Scale bar: 12 μm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.