Fig. 7: Application of characterized MTSs for metabolic engineering and protein delivery. | Nature Communications

Fig. 7: Application of characterized MTSs for metabolic engineering and protein delivery.

From: Design of diverse, functional mitochondrial targeting sequences across eukaryotic organisms using variational autoencoder

Fig. 7: Application of characterized MTSs for metabolic engineering and protein delivery.

a Schematic of strains harboring plasmids for cytoplasmic (PBY) and mitochondrial (mPBY) 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) biosynthetic pathways. b Production of 3-HP from SC-URA (50 g/L glucose). c Enhancing mitochondrial targeting efficiency using chimeric MTSs. A library of MTSs and chimeric MTSs was cloned upstream of the HEM1 gene without the native MTS and transformed into S. cerevisiae. Targeting efficiency was assessed by quantifying the ratio of 5-ALA produced to mRNA levels of the HEM1 gene. PAND: aspartate decarboxylase; BAPAT: β-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase; YDFG: 3-hydroxypropanoate dehydrogenase; HEM1: 5-aminolevulinate synthase; AATM: aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrial; AGC1: mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter. Data represents mean ± s.d. n  =  3 biological replicates. \(P\) value was calculated by two-tailed unpaired t-test. n.s. \(=\) not significant (\(p\)  >  0.05). a, c Created in BioRender. Zhao, H. (2025) https://BioRender.com/9sk5fmz. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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