Fig. 4: Performance evaluation and design of the gravity-assisted product self-separation (GAPS) Reactor.

a Separation efficiency of anode and cathode products. b Schematic of the 4 cm² micro GAPS Reactor. c Initial current density and oxygen (O₂) removal time of the micro GAPS Reactor. d Comparison of measured and simulated O2 separation efficiencies at various electrode spacings. e Simulation of O2 separation efficiency at different electrode spacings. f Schematic of the 50 cm² GAPS Reactor, along with stability and aging performance tests of the GAPS Reactor. Source data for Fig. 4c, d, f are provided as a Source Data file.