Fig. 5: Li||NCM811 full cells performance and LMN evolution.

Li||NCM811 full cell cycling performance with positive electrodes loading of (a) 2.5 and (c) 3.8 mAh cm−2. b Rate performance of Li||NCM811 full cells with the electrolytes at 0.2 C charge/0.5–4 C discharge. 1 C = 200 mA g−1. All electrochemical tests are conducted at 30 °C. d Evolution of voltage profiles in Li||NCM811 full cell (N/P ratio=1.05) with Cl 7 electrolyte. e Comparisons of electrochemical performance in LMB with lean-Li and high-loading-positive electrode in published literature and this work66,67. f Schematic illustration of LMN expansion under harsh full cell conditions within different electrolytes.