Fig. 6: Hydrovoltaic applications of fibers.

The output characteristics of concavity ratchet teeth fibers (black curve) and cavity spindle knot fibers (red curve) e-fibers in response to A droplet, B mist impact, and C finger contactless. D Cavity spindle knot fibers were wound on three Mo rings (diameter: 20, 12, and 5 cm) and then the electrodes were fabricated in series to obtain a bionic spider web to power generation. E Continuous power generation capacity of the bionic spider web. F The electricity generated by the bionic spider web could operate a calculator. Donghua University (121°24′E 31°12′N); date: Jan. 25, 2024; temperature: 0–6 °C; humidity: 54%; wind speed:11 km/h. G, H Schematic illustration of the application of e-fibers, which could be easily integrated into the inner lining of a regular mask to monitor human respiration and could be simply sewn into fabrics. I Schematic of an integrated respiration monitoring-therapy-telemedicine system based on e-fibers. J The system is composed of a smart mask, charge collection circuit, microprocessor, and wireless transmission circuit. K Illustration of the human nasal cycle. L Illustration of nasal airflow guidance in a smart mask. M Flexible demonstration of the smart mask. N Photograph of a subject wearing the monitoring system. O Diagram showing the installation of e-fibers in the smart mask. P Amplitude graph of dual-channel sleep respiration signals collected from the subject (male, 28 years old) over one night. Red curve: right breath, black: left breath. Q Raw signal voltage graph and corresponding locally enlarged views (R and S) of the sleep respiration signals. Scale bars, G: 2 mm, M: 1 cm, N: 5 cm, O: 6 mm.