Fig. 1: Growth of E. coli exposed to cefsulodin.

a Images of wild type and ΔtolC cultures after 24 h of incubation with different concentrations of cefsulodin. See Supplementary Fig. 1 for growth curves. The experiment was repeated three times, and similar images were obtained. b Representative growth of wild-type cells exposed to the breakpoint concentration of cefsulodin. We inoculated multiple E. coli colonies on solid media containing the breakpoint concentration of cefsulodin and counted the number of live cells in ~ 30 colonies. The number of live cells from 4 colonies over time is shown here as an example. Different colors indicate different colonies. Two additional biological replicates were performed, and similar population fluctuations were observed.