Fig. 3: Bioadhesive hydrogel.

a Comparison of ultrasound intensity decreases according to thickness changes in bioadhesive hydrogel and commercial gel (Aquasonic 100, Parker), (n = 6, independent samples for each thickness). b Comparison of acoustic time-of-flight (ToF) for ultrasound transmission through water, PET, and hydrogel. c Acoustic impedance of the hydrogel for 7 days (n = 4, independent samples each day) compared to commercial gel, water, and human skin. d Peak-pressure attenuation of bioadhesive hydrogel under 22 °C/25% humidity (red line) and 37 °C/25% humidity (black line) over 35 days (n = 4, independent samples). e Peak-pressure attenuation of bioadhesive hydrogel under 22 °C/75% humidity (red line) and 37 °C/85% humidity (black line) over 35 days (n = 4, independent samples). f Weight change of the bioadhesive hydrogel and commercial gel under 22 °C/25% humidity (CG Commercial Gel, HG Bioadhesive hydrogel, n = 4, independent samples). g Weight change of the bioadhesive hydrogel and commercial gel under 22 °C/75% humidity (solid line) and 37 °C/85% humidity (dashed line) conditions (CG Commercial Gel, HG Bioadhesive hydrogel, n = 4, independent samples). h Chemical structure of the bioadhesive hydrogel integrated ACFAL by grafting the bioadhesive hydrogel to benzophenone (BZP) treated PDMS. i Improvement of adhesion force with BZP-treated PDMS (n = 4, independent samples, Two-sided unpaired t-test). j Adhesion force of the bioadhesive hydrogel according to glycerol loading change (n = 5, independent samples). k Adhesion force of the 20-cycle attachment/detachment test of the bioadhesive hydrogel on skin (n = 4, independent samples). All plots show mean ± s.e.m unless otherwise mentioned, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. All data generated in this figure are provided in the Source Data file. Created in BioRender. Tang, K. (2025) https://BioRender.com/6fzf8qz.