Fig. 3: Variation in tree crown architecture across the tree of life.
Size-standardized estimates of a tree height (HRESID, n = 1225 species), b crown diameter (CDRESID, n = 870 species) and c crown aspect ratio (CARRESID, n = 868 species) are mapped onto a time-calibrated phylogeny of seed plants116. Low values (red) indicate species that are shorter, with narrower crowns and smaller crown aspect ratios than expected given the size of their stem, while high values (blue) indicate the opposite. HRESID, CDRESID and CARRESID all exhibited phylogenetic signal, with Pagel’s λ values of 0.70, 0.54, and 0.63, respectively (P < 0.001 in all three cases based on a likelihood ratio test). Plant families and genera with mean HRESID, CDRESID and CARRESID values that are significantly lower (red lines) or higher (blue lines) than zero are highlighted on each phylogenetic tree (see Supplementary Tables 5–6 for full details). Note that only species that were a direct match to those in the phylogeny were used for the phylogenetic analysis.
