Fig. 1: The water capture and nutrient production system (WCNPS).
a Schematic illustration of the structure and working process of WCNPS. The fog-to-water converter (FWC) and the spark-type droplet-based electric generator (SDEG) are arranged in a vertical series configuration. b Two sets of fog harvesters placed side by side, which are made up of a number of fog harvesting units and support structures. c WCNPS can supply water and nutrients for plant growth. d Fog harvesting unit is a spiky cylindrical hollow structure with biphilic surface (hydrophilic spots covering the hydrophobic substrate). e Comparison of fog harvesting capability (FHC) with other studies4,5,6,7,8,9. \({FHC}={\eta }_{{FWC}}\times A\), where \({\eta }_{{FWC}}={\nu }_{{co}}/{\nu }_{{de}}\), \({\nu }_{{co}}\) and \({\nu }_{{de}}\) are the water collection rate and the water delivery rate, respectively. A is the area of the FWC perpendicular to the fog direction. FHC indicates the application capability of FWC to harvest fog, which is an indicator of comprehensive scale and efficiency. f The voltage difference (ΔV) during spark generation varies over time (t). g The positive effects of WCNPS on nitrate production and improving pea growth and nutrients. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
