Fig. 4: Network of IBD segments shared between the individuals from the Carpathian Basin and other roughly contemporaneous Neolithic and Copper Age individuals of Europe.

Source data for the network are provided as a Source Data file and Supplementary Data 8. ForceAtlas2 layout is used in Gephi software v0.10.1 for both graphs (see Methods), which considers the number of connections (centrality) of each node (genome) and where edges (IBD connections) between nodes act like springs. The total length of IBD sharing is used to weight the edges as indicated in the legend. Thicker edges represent closer relatives, including familial relationships between individuals, while thinner edges depict more distant connections. Numbers in the nodes indicate grave numbers at the given site in this study, while reference samples are labeled by lab codes as provided in AADR¹²² v54.1. Abbreviations in the legend: N Neolithic; MN Middle Neolithic; LN Late Neolithic; MLN Middle–Late Neolithic; CA Copper Age; ECA Early Copper Age; LCA Late Copper Age; GHP Great Hungarian Plain. A: Network of sharing 1 × 12 cM IBD segments between individuals from the Carpathian Basin and other roughly contemporaneous Neolithic and Copper Age individuals of Europe. B: At least 2 × 12 cM IBD segments connectivity shown between the Late Neolithic and Copper Age individuals in the Carpathian Basin. Genetic sex is indicated by the outline colors of circles. These networks illustrate how interconnected the Carpathian Basin individuals were with each other and their adjacent regions (A), and how this network, under stricter filtering,  fragments even communities from the same sites, while still keeping Basatanya, Polgár-Nagy-Kasziba and Polgár-Csőszhalom connected, zooming into the GHP area (B).