Fig. 4: Principles and optimization of a self-driven power management system (PMS) for Mixed-Mode TENGs used as wind energy harvester.
a Schematic representation of the general structure of the PMS integrated within the TESS. b Circuit diagram illustrating the PMS and its working principles. The voltage stored in the storage capacitor Cstore (470 μF) by the PMS and Mixed-Mode TENGs working in tandem as a function of (c) the capacitance and rated voltage values of Cin, (d) the inductance value of the inductor L, and (e) the withstand voltage of the zener diode D2. f Comparison of the performance of Mixed-Mode TENGs equipped with a rectifier bridge, a standard PMS, and an optimized PMS (O-PMS) in charging a storage capacitor Cstore of 470 μF over a period of 10 s. g Assessment of the charging efficiency between horizontally and vertically aligned Mixed-Mode TENGs in charging a storage capacitor Cstore of 100 μF over a period of 10 s. h Effect of environmental parameters, specifically temperature (top) and relative humidity (bottom), on the capability of Mixed-Mode TENGs to charge a storage capacitor Cstore of 3300 μF over a period of 60 s. Data from (c–g) were acquired at a wind speed of 4.05 m s−1.
