Fig. 4: Prenatal exposure to trace elements affected specific bacterial taxa.

Significantly altered genera between high and low exposure groups (manganese, mercury, aluminum, barium, lead, iron, copper, and nickel) were identified by linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis (LEfSe, LDA > 2, p < 0.05) at the first postpartum visit. Bacterial taxa with Unclassified in their name were not displayed. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.