Fig. 2: In-situ bending and tensile tests of entropy-modulated BiTO films.

a Series of SEM images showing the bending process of a BiTO-0.9R film (sample size: 59 µm × 5 µm × 400 nm). b The maximum bending strain derived from FEA simulation for the in-situ bending test of the BiTO-0.9R film. c Series of SEM images depicting the bending process of the BiTO-1.6R film (sample size: 50 µm × 8 µm × 400 nm). d The maximum bending strain derived from FEA for the BiTO-1.6R film. e Schematic of experimental setups of in-situ tensile loading conducted on the high entropy film (TEM images, BiTO-1.6R), yielding a maximum tensile strain of 5.29%. f Stress-strain curve of the BiTO-1.6R sample measured during the in-situ tensile test.