Fig. 1: Long-term variations of HONO concentration and γNO2 in Beijing from January 2019 to January 2024.

a Time series of HONO and b time series of γNO2; c The γNO2 on different reaction surfaces reported in the literature and derived in this study; d The annual variations of HONO concentration and γNO2. The center lines in the box plots represent the median; the red dots indicate the mean; the whiskers mean 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR); and the boxes span the 25th to 75th percentiles.