Fig. 1: Geographical location, phylogenetic tree, and over effect sizes of phosphorus (%) addition on plant biomass.

a Geographical location of study sites included in this meta-analysis. Different colored points represent different growth forms, with the point size indicating the number of observations for each site. The map was created using public-domain data from Natural Earth, accessed via the ‘maps’ package in R. b Phylogenetic tree of the 423 plant species assessed this meta-analysis. The phylogenetic signal in the effect sizes was estimated using Pagel’s λ via maximum likelihood. A value of Pagel’s λ ≈ 0 and p > 0.05 based on a two-sided likelihood ratio test indicates an insignificant phylogenetic signal. Different colored trees represent different phylogenetic groups. c The distribution of effect sizes of P addition on plant biomass. The lnRR indicates the log response ratio, and is quantified as the log-transformed ratio of plant biomass in P addition to the corresponding mean value of the control treatment; n represents the sample size for positive and negative effects of P addition on plant biomass. Dark blue and salmon indicate positive and negative effect sizes, respectively. Claybank dashed line represents the overall effect size as 35% (with 95% confidence interval in parentheses). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.