Fig. 3: Effects of phosphorus (P) addition on plant biomass across plant functional groups and experimental settings.

a Average effects (%) of P addition on plant biomass among plant functional groups for all data. b Average effects (%) of P addition on plant biomass under different experimental settings. Points and error bars represent the bootstrapped mean and 95% confidence interval, respectively. The numbers outside and inside parentheses indicate the number of observations and plant species, respectively. If the 95% confidence interval do not overlap zero, the effects of P addition on plant biomass are considered significant (two-sided test, p < 0.05); otherwise, the effect of P addition is considered not significant. P values indicate significant level between experimental settings or functional groups, based on linear mixed models with ‘experiment type’ or ‘functional type’ as fixed factors and ‘study’ as a random factor, tested using two-sided F-tests with Satterthwaite approximation of degrees of freedom. AM arbuscular mycorrhizal, EcM ectomycorrhizal. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.