Fig. 4: Characterization of main temporal effects.

a Correlation coefficient for sessions with different laser frequencies. Each circle represents one session, thick horizontal lines represent the means across sessions. Each color show sessions with the same laser frequency, mean of all sessions, and mean for the shuffled condition. b (top) Schematic illustrating the structure of successive sessions with different laser frequencies. (bottom) No statistically significant difference between the mean correlation coefficients (late trials) for successive sessions with different laser frequencies (n = 5, P = 1, two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test). Both groups of sessions (blue – first, red – second) exhibited higher correlation coefficients compared with shuffled condition (orange, n = 10, P = 6.66e-04 for both comparisons, two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test). See also Supplementary Fig. 12. c Example current source density (CSD) showing the position of the laminar probe with respect to infragranular (IG), granular (G) and supragranular (SG) layers. d The late-early increase of the laser-blank correlation coefficient is statistically significant in different cortical layers (blue, SG: n = 30, P = 0.030; green, G: n = 34, P = 0.0023; red, IG: n = 27, P = 0.0015; two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test, comparing correlation coefficient between early and late trials). e Mean population response for the laser-unresponsive neurons as a function of time in the trial (only late trials) for laser (blue) and blank (red) conditions. f Mean laser-blank correlation coefficient for laser and blank trials across trials for laser-unresponsive neurons is not significantly different from 0 throughout the session (P = 0.870, n = 35, two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test comparing correlation coefficient between early and late trials). g Influence of visual stimuli on laser-blank correlation coefficient for late trials. Blue: mean laser-blank correlation coefficient in the blank (no stim) condition; magenta: mean laser-blank correlation coefficient when visual stimuli are presented (with stim condition). Each circle represents one session, thick horizontal lines represent the means across sessions (n = 40, P = 2.83e-07, two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test). See also Supplementary Fig. 13. Error bars or envelopes in all panels represent s.e.m.