Table 5 Longitudinal post-hoc robust regression models examining the contributions of global spatial cholinergic system deviations progression to interval changes in clinically relevant PD features

From: A multicenter longitudinal study of cholinergic subgroups in Parkinson disease

\(\Delta \,\)Outcome

\((\Delta Y)\)

N

Baseline Average

Δ Average

(Intercept)

Baseline Outcome

\(({Y}_{{BL}})\)

Baseline Progression

\(({C}_{{BL}})\)

Years Since Baseline

\((\Delta T)\)

Δ Progression

\((\Delta C)\)

R2

MDS-UPDRS

Part II total score

128

7.781

[6.93, 8.632]

+0.982*

[0.15, 1.814]

−1.749*

[−2.633, −0.865]

+0.736

[−0.132, 1.604]

+0.308

[−0.588, 1.205]

+0.532

[−0.346, 1.41]

0.111

MDS-UPDRS

Part III total score †

67

32.082

[29.396, 34.768]

+7.77*

[5.465, 10.075]

−1.888

[−4.293, 0.517]

+0.82

[−1.63, 3.27]

−0.16

[−2.521, 2.201]

+1.796

[−0.744, 4.335]

0.022

MDS-UPDRS

PIGD sub-score †

67

0.135

[0.11, 0.16]

+0.04*

[0.019, 0.061]

−0.018

[−0.04, 0.004]

+0.013

[−0.01, 0.035]

−0.017

[−0.039, 0.005]

+0.021

[−0.002, 0.044]

0.011

MoCA score

128

26.242

[25.732, 26.753]

+0.02

[−0.398, 0.439]

−0.831*

[−1.264, −0.398]

−0.165

[−0.602, 0.271]

−0.153

[−0.615, 0.31]

−0.474*

[−0.911, −0.036]

0.119

Executive function

(normative Z) †

67

−0.577*

[−0.852, −0.302]

+0.096

[−0.034, 0.226]

−0.128

[−0.262, 0.007]

−0.209*

[−0.347, −0.071]

−0.026

[−0.159, 0.108]

−0.254*

[−0.396, −0.112]

0.079

Memory function

(normative Z) †

67

−0.274*

[−0.485, −0.063]

+0.218*

[0.081, 0.355]

−0.08

[−0.219, 0.06]

+0.042

[−0.104, 0.188]

−0.113

[−0.254, 0.028]

−0.145

[−0.293, 0.002]

0.108

Velocity

(m/s) †

64

1.268

[1.223, 1.312]

−0.01

[−0.035, 0.016]

−0.065*

[−0.092, −0.038]

−0.004

[−0.032, 0.023]

+0.005

[−0.02, 0.029]

−0.027*

[−0.054, −0.001]

0.289

Cadence

(steps/min) †

64

108.363

[106.41, 110.315]

+0.05

[−1.225, 1.324]

−3.077*

[−4.394, −1.761]

+0.697

[−0.675, 2.069]

+0.844

[−0.354, 2.042]

−0.483

[−1.806, 0.839]

0.319

Turn duration

(s) †

64

2.746

[2.551, 2.94]

+0.493*

[0.327, 0.66]

−0.394*

[−0.618, −0.169]

+0.04

[−0.146, 0.225]

+0.075

[−0.075, 0.226]

+0.238*

[0.071, 0.405]

0.36

Double support time

(% of gait cycle) †

64

23.347

[22.293, 24.401]

−1.787*

[−2.559, −1.015]

−1.702*

[−2.51, −0.894]

+0.4

[−0.423, 1.224]

−0.681

[−1.408, 0.047]

+0.267

[−0.519, 1.053]

0.219

  1. “Baseline Average” represents the unadjusted mean value for the outcome variable at baseline. “Δ Average” represents the mean change in the outcome measure from the baseline value, holding all other regressors at the sample mean. “Baseline Outcome” captures the effect of the outcome value at baseline on the change in the outcome value from baseline to follow-up. “Baseline Progression” captures the effect of baseline cholinergic system progression state (imbalance between hypercholinergic and hypocholinergic voxel counts scaled by their spatial extent) on longitudinal change in outcome measure. “Years Since Baseline” captures the effect of time interval between baseline and follow-up visits on change in the outcome measure independent of global cholinergic system progression. “Δ Progression” captures the effect of disease-related cholinergic system changes on interval change in the clinical outcome measure. Coefficient of determination (R2) communicates the proportion of variance in outcome measure interval changes captured by the model. Outcome measures for which the analysis was performed only on Michigan patients due to data availability are marked with †. Strong regression coefficients (wherein the 95% interval did not overlap with 0) are marked with an asterisk.
  2. MDS-UPDRS Movement Disorder Society Revised Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, PIGD postural instability and gait difficulty, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment.
Back to article page