Fig. 4: Light-adaptive, power-efficient sensor for blue light dosimetry.

a Exploded view schematic illustration that highlights the PV cell, BLE communication module, an accumulation mode dosimeter, and a pair of LiPo batteries, all attached via an fPCB platform and housed in a silicone encapsulation structure. b Block diagram of the electronics. c Average current consumption and Twake for continuous use at different blue light intensities. d Comparison between the power consumption at 3 V operation and power generation from the GaAs triple junction PV cell as a function of blue light intensity provided by a solar simulator, from 0.1 to 4 mW/cm2. Results of field studies, showing cumulative dose and battery voltage with and without the aPM module from sunrise to sunset for 18 hours in Evanston at e, May 9, 2024 (cloudy weather) and f, May 11, 2024 (sunny weather) with the same measuring position.