Fig. 1: Working principles and fabrication of electromagnetically transitional and actuatable material-based continuums (ETACs).

a ETACs respond to external magnetic fields and perform bending motions. At the same time, ETACs can also respond to RF fields operating regrafting. Therefore, ETACs are expected to play important roles in specific biomedical scenarios shown on the right. b ETACs can be easily fabricated using the fused extrusion process. The printable electromagnetically transitional and actuatable materials (ETAMs) can be prepared by thermal mixing raw materials, which are microscopically observed. c P-region, N-region, F-region, and P-N connection regions of the ETACs are observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). d The P-N connection region is further observed using element surface scanning analysis. See comparisons between N, P, and F are shown in Supplementary Movie S2. Created in BioRender. Yang (2025) https://BioRender.com/l415fio.