Fig. 8: Ablation test and analysis.

a Ex vivo ablation tests were conducted on porcine stomachs. Four regions were selected as the control group: 10 s ablation group, 30 s ablation group, and 60 s ablation group. b Hematoxylin-eosin staining was conducted on the tested tissues, showing that the area of the inflammatory cell infiltration region increases with the increment of heating time. c An in vivo ablation test was conducted on nude mice, where an ETAC branch was applied for imaging and ablation. d The whole surgery process contains insertion, in vivo ablation, and exsertion. After the surgery, the ablated regions were dissected and H&E stained to validate the heating effect. e All tested tissues were H&E stained and observed, including a stomach control group, ablated upper esophagus tissue, ablated cardiac tissue, and ablated stomach tissue. f A comparison study between existing ablation cases and this work. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Created in BioRender. Yang (2025) https://BioRender.com/f9oc6i9.