Fig. 3: Altered PD-1 and GzmB expression in CD8⁺ T-cells of SD patients.

a–e Percentage of CD8⁺ T-cells expressing CD38 and HLA-DR (a), GzmB (b) and Ki-67 and CLA (c). PD-1 expression levels in CD8⁺ T-cells expressed as Median Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) (d). e Expression levels of GzmB (MFI) in PD-1⁺ CD8⁺ T-cells. Data is shown at TP1 (N = 42) and TP2 (N = 104). f, g Percentages of CD38⁺ HLA-DR⁺ and GzmB⁺ CD8⁺ T-cells and PD-1 MFI levels in CD8⁺ T-cells at TP1 (f; N = 42) and TP2 (g; N = 104). PD-1 staining is shown for two representative patients with non-SD or SD. Data for patients with non-severe dengue (non-SD), severe dengue (SD), healthy weight (HW) and overweight/obesity (OW/OB) are shown in blue, red, green and orange circles, respectively. h Correlation of CD8⁺ T-cell subsets with clinical parameters/biomarkers at TP2 (N = 104), using Spearman’s rank correlation test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction. i, j Single correlations of CD8⁺ T-cells expressing PD-1 with plasma levels of angiopoietin-2 (i) and VCAM-1(j) at TP1 (N = 42) and TP2 (N = 104). k UMAP plots with FlowSOM clusters (4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16) visualised in non-SD and SD patient groups at TP1 (N = 42) and TP2 (N = 84) and expression levels of PD-1, CD69, GzmB, and perforin. l Stacked bar chart showing the frequency (y-axis) of each cluster in the patient groups, with the bubble graph representing MFI levels (colour scale) and cell frequencies (size). The clusters are indicated on the x-axis; arrows highlight selected clusters on the top of the graph. m Frequency of the FlowSOM clusters shown in (k, l) (4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16) at TP1 (N = 42) and TP2 (N = 84) within non-SD and SD patient groups. The middle line in each box represents the median with IQR. Error bars represent max/min value ± 1.5*IQR. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.00001 by one-way ANOVA with Benjamini–Hochberg correction. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.