Fig. 5: Elevated T-cell co-inhibitory receptors in SD.

a, b Percentage of co-inhibitory expression in CD4⁺ (a) and CD8⁺ (b) T-cells at TP1 in N = 10 patients with non-severe (non-SD; blue circles) or severe dengue (SD; red circles). c, d Correlation of the indicated markers with frequencies of TIM-3⁺ CD4⁺ T-cells (c) and LAG-3⁺ CD8⁺ T-cells (d). e Pie charts showing the number of co-inhibitory receptors simultaneously expressed by CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells in non-SD and SD patients at TP1 (N = 11). The different shades of grey represent the expression of 1 to 5 co-inhibitory receptors, and the outer arcs indicate the specific co-inhibitory receptors expressed as defined by Boolean gating. f, g UMAP plots showing selected FlowSOM clusters of CD4⁺ (f) and CD8⁺ T-cells (g) at TP1 in non-SD and SD patients (N = 11). The expression level of each marker is shown in heatmap (Z-score) and UMAP plots; the frequency of each cluster is shown for non-SD and SD patients. h Expression levels of the indicated metabolic markers are shown as Median Fluorescence Intensity (MFI) in PD-1⁺ CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells of patients with healthy weight (HW; green circles) and overweight/obesity (OW/OB; orange circles) experiencing non-SD and SD (day 5–8); N = 15. i Expression levels of the indicated metabolic markers shown as MFI in PD-1⁺ and PD-1⁻ activated (HLA-DR⁺ CD38⁺) CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells from non-SD and SD patients (N = 17). j Percentages of PD-1⁺ and PD-L1⁺ CD8⁺ T-cells in patient PBMCs prior to anti-PD-1/PDL-1 blockade (N = 9). k Frequency of GzmB⁺ perforin⁺ CD8⁺ T-cells after stimulation with NS3 DENV2 peptides in the presence of anti-PD-1/PDL-1 blocking antibodies or isotype controls. l Pie charts showing the number of functions simultaneously expressed by CD8⁺ T-cells following NS3 DENV2 peptide stimulation with or without blocking antibodies. The different shades of grey represent the expression of 1–4 functions, the outer arcs indicate the specific functions as defined by Boolean gating. The middle line in each box represents the median with IQR. Error bars represent max/min value ± 1.5*IQR. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001 calculated by one-way ANOVA with Benjamini–Hochberg correction. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.