Fig. 4: Printing resolution evaluation using a spoke-like pattern.

a Spoke pattern illustration and resolution quantification. This panel illustrates the spoke pattern, where the increasing gap between adjacent spokes from the center to the periphery indicates resolution. Resolution is quantified by the unresolved fraction, defined as the ratio between the unresolved diameter (marked by the red dashed circle) and the outer diameter (marked by the yellow dashed circle). Microscopic images of printed structures. These panels display microscopic images of printed structures for various resin formulations: b P1 0.25, c P1 0.50, d P1 1.00, e M1 0.25, f M1 0.50, and g M1 1.00. Red dashed circles highlight the unresolved areas in each image. All scale bars represent 1 mm.