Fig. 3: The conceptual structural equation modeling (SEM) showing significant pathways among traits, region, pollen limitation, and threat status.
From: Global meta-analysis shows that threatened flowering plants have higher pollination deficits
Base The baseline model assumed the direct effects of autofertility (AF), the overall floral structure (FS), and region on pollen limitation, and growth form (LH) directly affects AF and then affects pollen limitation; A Model A assumed an additional (compared to the base model, hereafter) direct effect of pollen limitation on threat status; B Model B assumed an additional direct effect of AF on threat status; C Model C assumed an additional direct effect of LH on threat status; D Model D assumed additional direct effects of both AF and LH on threat status; E Model E assumed an additional direct effect of threat status on pollen limitation. Only significant paths are colored red (positive paths) or blue (negative paths), where the path coefficients are shown nearby. Significance levels: *p-value < 0.05; ***p-value < 0.001.
