Fig. 1: NBs as a traceless additive to promote gas evolution reactions.

a Pin-rise growth of surface nanobubbles during the initial stage of gas evolution reaction. b Scheme of the relation between the supersaturation nearby the intrinsic generated (black), adsorbed (red) surface NBs and the overpotential during gas phase transformation. c OER polarization curves of the Pt/Au electrode (1 × 1 cm2) with (red) and without (black) the introduction of NBs (with 100% iR correction and Rs = 3.62 Ω for W/NBs and 3.73 Ω for W/O NBs. The non-iR corrected voltammograms are provided in Supplementary Fig. S30). d Current density variations at 1.7 V (vs RHE) after the injections of NB solution (red), electrolyte-only (blue), respectively, and without injection (black) (working area: 1.5 × 1.5 cm2). Source data for (c, d) are provided as a Source Data file.