Fig. 4: Interphasial chemistry and SEI structure.

In-depth XPS images of plated Zn after plating/stripping 20 times in a ZnSO4 and b ZnSO4/FU. c XRD images of plated Zn after plating/stripping 20 times in different electrolytes. Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6 (ZCO, code: JCPDS 01-072-1100, space group: C2/m), Zn4SO4(OH)6·6H2O (ZSO, code: JCPDS 00-039-0688, space group: P-1). d HR-TEM image of the crystalline Zn and ZCO SEI, and the EDX mapping of Zn, O, and C. The sample is plated with Zn after plating/stripping 20 times in ZnSO4/FU. e The Zn2+ trajectory in ZCO SEI. Pink, gray, light blue, and dark blue spheres represent H, C, O, and Zn atoms, respectively. In this figure, all the samples are collected under ~25 °C.