Fig. 2: Electric vehicle (EV) adoption trajectory, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) scrappage, and the demand and self-sufficiency imbalance of critical materials under China’s carbon neutrality (CN60) target. | Nature Communications

Fig. 2: Electric vehicle (EV) adoption trajectory, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) scrappage, and the demand and self-sufficiency imbalance of critical materials under China’s carbon neutrality (CN60) target.

From: Lithium-ion battery recycling relieves the threat to material scarcity amid China’s electric vehicle ambitions

Fig. 2

a EV adoption trajectory. b The mass of LIB scrapages. c Scrappage of cathode-specific LIB. d The structure of LIB cascading and recycling use. e The demand and secondary supply gap of critical materials under China’s CN60 target. The black dashed lines denote the overall volumes of EV adoption and LIB scrappage in a, b, respectively. e The left bar represents the demand for critical materials, while the right bar represents the supply from closed-loop recycling; the noted number denotes the cumulative difference between the demand and secondary supply. Car BEV compact battery electric car, Car PHEV compact plug-in hybrid electric car, Large Car BEV battery electric large car and sport utility vehicle, Large Car PHEV plug-in hybrid electric large car and sport utility vehicle, Mini Car BEV mini-sized battery electric car, Mini Car PHEV mini-sized plug-in hybrid electric car, RE replaced battery, NF normal failure battery, ESS energy storage system, Co cobalt, Li lithium, Ni nickel, Mn manganese.

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