Fig. 3: Mechanical properties and embolization effect of 3Asphere.
a Viscosity of 3Asphere, Embosphere®, and CalliSpheres® by shear rate sweeps (n = 3 biological samples). b Storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G′′) as characterized by oscillatory strain sweeps (n = 3 biological samples). c Compression force-strain curves (n = 3 biological samples). d Embolization effect of 3Asphere-90 and Embosphere® in capillary glass tubes observed using CLSM (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars: 100 μm. e Amplification of embolization zones in 3Asphere-90 group, showing the elastic deformation of one, two, and multiple 3Asphere in the process of embolization (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars: 100 μm. f Ratios of the embolized volume (Vem) in capillary glass tubes to the theoretical volume (Vth) of total 3Asphere or Embosphere® (n = 3 biological samples). Vem was the cross-sectional area multiplied by the embolized height of capillary tubes and Vth was the microsphere number multiplied by the volume of one microsphere. g Void fraction of the capillary tubes embolized with 3Asphere and Embosphere® (n = 6 biological samples). h Aspect ratios of 3Asphere and Embosphere® in the capillary tubes (n = 50 samples). i Representative digital subtraction angiography (DSA) of the right 3Asphere-embolized kidney of rabbits. j Representative computed tomography angiography (CTA) images of the right (embolization) and left (control) kidneys of rabbits on days 3, 7, 14, and 28. k Representative histopathologic images of right kidney following 3Asphere embolization for 7, 14, and 28 days (n = 3 independent experiments). White arrow indicated the glomeruli, and the control group was the unembolized left kidney. Scale bars: 100 µm. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
