Fig. 1: Model overview.
From: Causal mediation analysis for time-varying heritable risk factors with Mendelian randomization
a X1, …, XK−1 are exposure traits in increasing temporal order and Y is the outcome trait. The red arrows indicate the causal effects of the genetic variants Z on the traits. The blue arrows represent the effects of unmeasured non-heritable confounders U. b Illustration of causal relationships across traits, allowing for multiple traits at each time point.
