Fig. 1: Replication growth kinetics of bovine HPAI A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b viruses in vitro.

a MDCK. b NHBE cells were inoculated at MOI of 0.005 with three representative bovine A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b, concurrently circulating avian A(H5N1), and human A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and incubated at 37 °C. The supernatants from MDCK virus-infected cells and apical surface washes from NHBE inserts were collected at the indicated time points and virus titers were determined by TCID50 assay. The data are shown as the mean ± SD from quadruplicate wells. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test for multiple comparisons.