Fig. 5: Large-scale circulation anomaly during the boreal summer of 2023.

a Sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly, c mean sea level pressure anomaly (color) and total sea level pressure (contour), and e precipitation anomaly for June 2023. b, d, f are the same as a, c, e but for July 2023. Black stipples in a, b, e, f indicate statistical significance at a 95% confidence level based on a student T test. Green boxes are the Niño3 [5°N–5°S and 150°W–90°W] and tropical North Atlantic [5°N–25°N and 20°W–80°W] regions.