Fig. 5: Benefits and costs for manure applications at OPSR. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Benefits and costs for manure applications at OPSR.

From: Co-benefits for cropland yield, nitrogen emissions, and climate impact through multi-objective optimization agricultural manure solutions

Fig. 5: Benefits and costs for manure applications at OPSR.

a Climate benefits. b Human health benefits. c Ecosystem benefit. d Implementation cost. e Net benefit. f Ecological benefits for different crops. g The total benefits and implementation costs. The error bars represent the standard deviation. The base map is applied from GADM data (https://gadm.org/).

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