Fig. 3: In-situ spectroscopic observation.
From: Heteroatom dopants overcome the activity-stability trade-off in RuO2 for acidic oxygen evolution
a, b Operando Ru K-edge XANES analyses of B-RuO2 and Ta/B-RuO2 at various biases. c, d The corresponding Ru K-edge FT-EXAFS spectra. e Operando Ta L3-edge XANES analyses of Ta/B-RuO2 at various biases. f The corresponding Ta L3-edge FT-EXAFS spectra. g The changes in oxidation states of different sites under operating conditions, as revealed by operando XANES analyses. h In-situ Raman spectra of B-RuO2 and Ta/B-RuO2 at various biases. i In-situ ATR-SEIRAS spectra of B-RuO2 and Ta/B-RuO2 at various biases. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
