Table 1 Model parameter values

Orbit eccentricity

e

0.0041

-

Core-Mantle boundary

R_cmb

965

km

Mantle-Asthenosphere boundary

R_m

1591.6

km

Asthenosphere-Crustal boundary

R_ast

1791.6

km

Mean radius

R_Io

1821.6

km

Core density

ρ_c

5150

kg m⁻³

Mantle, asthenosphere, and crustal density

ρ_m

3244

kg m⁻³

Mantle shear modulus

μ_m

6 × 10¹⁰

Pa

Mantle viscosity

η_m

10²⁰

Pa s

Asthenosphere shear modulus

μ_ast

7.8 × 10⁵

Pa

Asthenosphere viscosity

η_ast

10¹¹

Pa s

Crustal shear modulus

μ_c

6.5 × 10¹⁰

Pa

Crustal viscosity

η_c

10²³

Pa s

Average melt fraction

\(\bar{\Phi }\)

10%

-

Viscosity constant^a

B_η

26

-

Shear modulus constant^b

B_μ

67/15

-

Proportionality constant^c

c

0 − 0.02

m²W⁻¹