Fig. 5: Comparative stability analysis of ‘control’ and ‘target’ perovskite films and devices.

a, b XRD patterns of the ‘control’ and ‘target’ perovskite films under 85% relative humidity (RH) and 110 °C. c Normalized PL spectra of the control and target perovskite films after 0 and 30 min illumination. d Dark shelf stability of unencapsulated ‘control’ and ‘target’ PSCs in ambient conditions at RT with RH around 20–40%. e Light soaking of the unencapsulated ‘control’ and ‘target’ devices under continuous 1-sun illumination in N₂ at room temperature. f Heat test (85 °C) of the unencapsulated ‘control’ and ‘target’ devices.