Fig. 3: Performance of the pathological diagnosis AI models in image-only, clinical data-only, and hybrid models.

ROC curves for the performance of pathological diagnosis of IgAN, MN, DN, ANS, and MCD/FSGS (a–e) in the internal test set, prospective test set, and external test set. DN diabetic nephropathy, IgAN IgA nephropathy, MN idiopathic membranous nephropathy, ANS arterionephrosclerosis, MCD/FSGS idiopathic minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, AUC area under the curve, CI confidence interval. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.