Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

From: A noninvasive model for chronic kidney disease screening and common pathological type identification from retinal images

 

Screening model

Pathological diagnosis model

Progression prediction model

Development set

Internal test set

External test set

Prospective test set

Participants

3965

1818

321

358

301

999

Retinal images

7609

3617

635

708

574

1989

Demographic factors

 Age, years

39 [31–50]

43 [32–54]

44 [33–56]

47 [36–54]

37 [30–49]

46 [34–56]

 Sex, male

1808 (45.6)

1145 (63.0)

189 (58.9)

215 (60.1)

170 (56.5)

654 (65.5)

 Systolic BP, mmHg

125 [114–138]

136 [122–153]

137 [123–153]

147 [130–163]

130 [117–146]

138 [124–155]

 Diastolic BP, mmHg

78 [70–86]

85 [76–95]

85 [76–95]

90 [80–102]

83 [76–92]

85 [77–96]

 BMI, kg/m2

23.0 [20.8–25.5]

23.7 [21.4–26.2]

24.1 [21.5–26.7]

24.5 [22.4–27.0]

23.5 [21.2–25.8]

23.99 [21.7–26.3]

CKD

1731 (43.7)

     

 eGFR, ml/min per 1.73  m2

99.8 [64.5–114.3]

51.7 [21.7–95.1]

54.9 [20.2–95.2]

74.6 [44.8–105.1]

67.7 [35.5–102.3]

52.23 [24.8–92.8]

CKD stages

 Early CKD

900 (46.2)

820 (45.1)

149 (46.4)

221 (61.7)

177 (58.8)

443 (44.3)

 Moderate CKD

304 (17.6)

383 (21.1)

66 (20.6)

79 (22.1)

56 (18.6)

249 (24.9)

 Advanced CKD

626 (36.3)

615 (33.8)

106 (33.0)

58 (16.2)

68 (22.6)

307 (30.7)

Albuminuria

818 (20.6)

1711 (93.8)

301 (93.8)

272 (90.4)

338 (94.4)

 

Pathological diagnosis

899 (51.9)

     

 IgA nephropathy

397 (44.2)

674 (37.1)

112 (34.9)

156 (43.6)

117 (38.9)

390 (39.0)

 Diabetic nephropathy

70 (7.8)

224 (12.3)

37 (11.5)

64 (17.9)

17 (5.6)

140 (14.0)

 Membranous nephropathy

158 (17.6)

335 (18.4)

57 (17.8)

101 (28.2)

54 (17.9)

248 (24.8)

 Arterionephrosclerosis

107 (11.9)

282 (15.5)

61 (19.0)

10 (2.8)

29 (9.6)

203 (20.3)

 MCD/FSGS

77 (8.6)

173 (9.5)

32 (10.0)

28 (7.8)

28 (9.3)

127 (12.7)

High PSG

66 (7.3)

140 (7.7)

21 (6.5)

8 (2.2)

21 (7.0)

66 (6.6)

  1. Data are n (%), mean ± SD or median [IQR]. In the high PSG group, the percentage of sclerotic glomeruli was ≥75%. Early CKD, eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 with albuminuria; moderate CKD, eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2; advanced CKD, eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
  2. BP blood pressure, BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MCD/FSGS idiopathic minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; patients with two or more types of pathological diagnoses were counted separately for each type.
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