Fig. 1: V1 recording and V4 inactivation.

a Contour, orientation singleton, and surface stimuli commonly used for studying contextual influences. b Diagram of V1 recording and V4 inactivation. A cryo-loop was used to maintain 2.2 °C ± 0.3 °C surface temperature of the V4 region (blue) between the lunate and superior temporal sulcus (STS; see also Supplementary Fig. S1a, c). A microelectrode array was implanted in the retinotopically matched V1 region (yellow). c Distribution of V1 receptive fields (RFs) recorded from the two monkeys (MA and MB; see also Supplementary Fig. S1b, d). Each data point represents the RF center of a V1 site recorded by an electrode. Circle illustrates the visual-field area covered by the stimuli, 6.5° in diameter for MA centered at ( − 4.4°, −4.5°); 5.2° in diameter for MB centered at ( − 2.2°, −1.4°). d Validation of the effectiveness and reversibility of V4 cooling. A linear multi-contact probe (24 recording sites spaced 100 µm apart) was inserted into V4 perpendicular to the cortical surface. Horizontal dashed lines delimit the supra-granular (SG), granular (G), and infra-granular (IG) layers, as estimated by the current source density analysis (left panel; Methods). Compared to the pre-cooling and recovery stages, cooling effectively silenced V4 neuronal spiking activity evoked by gratings. Data from 4 penetrations in MB were aligned, averaged, and smoothed via interpolation across cortical depth. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.