Fig. 8: Real-time in vivo imaging of HIRI and HIRI induced-AKI using LIR and KIR.

a Schematic illustration of the development of the hepatic ischemia-reperfusion mouse model with different ischemia durations and chemiluminescence imaging after simultaneously injection of LIR and KIR (10 μmol kg⁻¹ body weight). b Representative NIR-II and NIR-I chemiluminescence images of living mice subjected to different ischemia durations (30, 45 and 60 min) after injection of LIR and KIR (10 μmol kg⁻¹ body weight). NIR-II chemiluminescence images were acquired with an acquisition time of 30 s. NIR-I chemiluminescence images were acquired under bioluminescence mode of the IVIS spectrum imaging system with the acquisition time of 60 s. c The dynamic NIR-II chemiluminescence intensities of liver (n = 3, mean ± s.d.). d the dynamic NIR-I chemiluminescence intensities of the kidney in living mice after injection of LIR and KIR (10 μmol kg⁻¹ body weight). (n = 3, mean ± s.d.). Two-tailed Student’s t test. Healthy group versus control and experimental groups (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). N.S: no statistically significant differences. e A scheme diagram of cascade intrahepatic and intrarenal activation of CAR from blood circulation and following excretion. Injected CAR can firstly react with O₂^•− to undergo in situ fragmentation and release FL2R and KIR. The resulted FL2R would excreted through the hepatobiliary elimination pathway (liver→bile→intestine→feces); released KIR can accumulate in the kidneys and activated by upregulated NAG, liberating FL1R for non-invasive urinalysis (kidney→bladder→urine). f A scheme diagram of simultaneous injection of LIR and KIR and their independent intrahepatic and intrarenal activation from blood circulation and following excretion. Injected LIR can react with O₂^•− and excrete through the hepatobiliary elimination pathway; injected KIR can accumulate in the kidneys and activated by upregulated NAG, releasing FL1R for non-invasive urinalysis. g Comparison of the entire imaging window period of CAR and co-injection of LIR and KIR. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.