Fig. 6: Neuromodulation of oesophageal vagal afferents yields illusory metabolic satiety.
From: Gastrointestinal neuroprosthesis for motility and metabolic neuromodulation
a Mechanotransducers in the stomach and oesophagus relay afferents to the NTS and DMN which regulate metabolic hormones and satiety. b–f Response of hormones in the blood to stimulation between minute 30-60 normalized to their baseline levels in animals with no stimulation (control, blue), oesophageal (green), and gastric (purple) stimulation (n = 5 animals). GIP: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1. Error bars indicate the standard deviations around the means. Stars indicate p < 0.05 as per a 2-tailed heteroscedastic t-test comparing the experimental (gastric or oesophageal) stimulation to the no stimulation group.
